Biological Sciences, Department of

College of Natural and Social Sciences

DEPARTMENT OFFICE

Biological Sciences 142

Phone:       (323) 343-2050

E-mail:      Biomicr@calstatela.edu 

Website:     http://www.calstatela.edu/academic/biol/

The Department of Biological Sciences offers programs leading to Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Biology, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Microbiology.

The Faculty

Professors: Robert A. Desharnais, Margaret Jefferson, Beverly Krilowicz, Philip S. LaPolt, Nancy L. McQueen(Chair), Alan E. Muchlinski, Carlos D. Robles, James M. Rosser, Amelia A. Russo-Neustadt,Sandra B. Sharp,

Associate Professors:  Patrick Krug, Paul Narguizian, Robert Nissen, Edith Porter, Tina Salmassi, Elizabeth Torres.

Assistant Professors:    Sergio Escorza-Trevino,Kirsten Fisher, Hyunsook Park, Stacey Thompson, H. Howard Xu.

Emeriti: Wayne Paul Alley, Kenneth Anderson, Roger R. Bowers, Samuel M. Caplin, Brian Capon, Theodore J. Crovello, Richard Fleming, John Gamon,  William R. Hanson, Margaret J. Hartman, James W. Harvey, James Henrickson, George E. Jakway, Genaro A. Lopez, Daniel P. Mahoney, Rosemarie Marshall, Evan K. Oyakawa, Betsy Peitz, Howard Rosen, Mercer Price Russell, Joseph T. Seto, David L. Soltz, Richard M. Straw, Velma J. Vance, Richard J. Vogl.

Undergraduate Programs

Bachelor of Science Degree in Biology

The Bachelor of Science degree in Biology provides a balanced blend of traditional and modern biology, incorporating the important generalizations of traditional biology with the more recent advances.  The degree may lead to graduate study in biology or related fields such as forensic science; entrance into professional schools in medicine, dentistry, or pharmacy; and employment in applied or technical aspects of biology including the biotechnology industry and environmental science areas.  In addition to the usual course offerings, the Department of Biological Sciences participates in the Southern California Ocean Studies Institute (SCOSI) and the California Desert Studies Consortium, which are explained in detail under Consortia in the first chapter of this catalog.  The department also participates in the Interdisciplinary Bachelor of Science degree program in Natural Science.

The total number of units required for the Bachelor of Science degree in Biology is 186 units, of which 120 units are in the major.  Consult with an advisor for the specific number of units required in all areas of the degree including GE and free electives.

The Department of Biological Sciences offers an honors program for upper division biology students who have completed 94 quarter units, including 40 units in the major, with a minimum B  (3.0) grade point average both overall and in the major. Students shall have completed 24 units of the major in residence at Cal State L.A.

The honors program introduces superior students to intensive research experience in biology.  Honor students are assisted by an honors adviser and two other committee members.  Enrollment in BIOL 396, Honors Study in Biology, for 5 units is required, and enrollment in BIOL 499, Undergraduate Directed Study, for 1–4 units, is optional.  A prospectus, a written thesis, and a final oral examination about the thesis, administered by the committee, are required parts of the program.  Diplomas and transcripts of honors program graduates are designated:  “Graduated with Departmental Honors in Biology.”

Requirements for the Major  (120 units)

Of the 186 units required for the Bachelor of Science degree in Biology, the major requires 120 while the general education program and other university requirements total 66. Competence in mathematics through MATH 207 or MATH 230 is required.  It is recommended that students complete at least one year of a foreign language.

Successful completion of the major requires a minimum C (2.0) overall grade point average in all courses required for the major. At least 18 units of upper division course work that fulfills major requirements must be taken in residence  (not to include courses graded CR/NC).

With prior written approval of their adviser, students must select certain upper division courses in biology and other natural sciences, mathematics, and physical sciences.  No upper division course with the suffix N or upper division general education course may be used to fulfill major requirements.

Bachelor of Science Degree in Microbiology

The Bachelor of Science Degree in Microbiology offers students preparation for training positions leading to licensure as registered clinical laboratory scientists, for graduate studies and for various employment opportunities in the biotechnology industry, public health, environmental applications, the pharmaceutical, fermentation, sanitation, and dairy industries, and for research positions in university/private/clinical laboratories. Students pursuing a degree in microbiology may qualify for entrance to medical or dental schools by including appropriate elective courses in their program. 

The total number of units required for the Bachelor of Science degree in Microbiology is 186 units, of which 120 units are in the major.  Consult with an advisor for the specific number of units required in all areas of the degree including GE and free electives.

Requirements for the Major  (120 units)

Of the 186 units required for the Bachelor of Science Degree in Microbiology, the major requires 120. The core requires 102-103 units, and 17-18 elective units must be taken, with adviser approval. Successful completion of the major requires a minimum C (2.0) overall grade point average in all required courses.  At least 18 units of upper division course work that fulfills major requirements must be taken in residence (not to include courses graded CR/NC).

With prior written approval of their adviser, students select certain upper division courses in microbiology, biology and related sciences from a current list approved by the department. These courses will be selected according to the students' individual career plans. No upper division course with the suffix N or upper division general education course may be used to fulfill the major requirements.

Microbiology Honors Program

The Department of Biological Sciences offers an honors program for upper division microbiology students who have completed 94-quarter units, including 40 units in the major,  with a minimum B (3.0) grade point average both overall and in the major. Students shall have completed 24 units of the major in residence at Cal State L. A. 

The honors program introduces highly motivated students to intensive search experience in microbiology. Honors students are assisted by an honors adviser and two other committee members. Enrollment in MICR 396 Honor's Thesis in Microbiology, for 5 units is required. Students can apply these units to their degree program. A prospectus, a written thesis, and a final oral examination about the thesis, administered by the committee, are required parts of the program. Diplomas and transcripts of honors program graduates are designated: "Graduated with Departmental Honors in Microbiology." Enrollment in MICR 499, Undergraduate Directed Study, for 1-4 units, prior to MICR 396 is optional, though recommended.

Minor in Biology

A Biology minor, which is available for students majoring in other fields, offers a general exposure that is beneficial in some areas of environmental science, recreation, conservation, and comparable fields.

A total of 32-36 units is required, including 19-24 units in lower division courses and 12 units in upper division electives.

Successful completion of the minor requires a C  (2.0) overall grade point average for required courses taken in residence and for all required courses. At least 8 units of upper division course work that fulfills requirements of the minor must be taken in residence at Cal State L.A. (not to include courses graded CR/NC).

Requirements for the Minor  (32-36 units)

BIOL 100ABC

CHEM 151

MATH 102  (May be met by satisfactory performance on mathematics placement examination or by high school preparation certified as adequate by Department of Mathematics.)

With adviser approval, choose 3 courses from among upper division courses in biology, excluding 398, 499, and courses with the suffix N.

Minor in Microbiology

The department offers a minor in Microbiology for students majoring in other fields.  The minor consists of a 24-unit core and 8 units of electives.  The purpose of this minor is to allow students from a variety of related majors the opportunity to focus a portion of their baccalaureate course work on microbiology in order to qualify them for postbaccalaureate positions requiring such knowledge.  Chemistry 101, 301AB, and 302AB are prerequisite to several of the courses in the minor.  Interested students are urged to consult with a microbiology faculty member for advisement before beginning the minor.

Requirements for the Minor  (32 units)

(select 8 units from the following)

MICR 302, 304, 331, 340, 401, 412, 430, 433

The Credential Program

The Department of Biological Sciences participates in the interdisciplinary Bachelor of Science degree program in Natural Science, which satisfies the subject matter requirements for the Single Subject credential in Science.  That program is described later in this chapter of the catalog.  Students should consult advisers in the department and in the Charter College of Education.  Refer to the undergraduate Charter College of Education chapter of this catalog for regulations governing all teaching credential programs.

Supplementary Authorization for Single Subject Teaching Credential  (32 units)

Holders of a Single Subject teaching credential, issued by the state of California in a subject other than Science, may supplement that credential with an authorization in Biological Sciences at any grade level through grade 12 or in classes organized primarily for adults by completing the following program with a grade of C or higher in each course.  At least one of the courses must include a laboratory component.  For other requirements governing issuance of this authorization, consult the Charter College of Education.

Complete or demonstrate proficiency in each of the following courses  (32 units):

Graduate and Postbaccalaureate Programs

Master of Science Degree in Biology

The Master of Science degree in Biology is designed to prepare students for biological research, doctoral study, technical positions in university, hospital and public health laboratories, the biotechnology industry or other industry settings, government agencies, and community college teaching. Graduate students may focus their studies in any of the following areas: animal biology, applied microbiology, biotechnology, cell biology, developmental biology, ecology, environmental biology, environmental microbiology, evolution, genetics, immunology, marine biology, molecular biology, molecular phylogenetics, neurobiology, physiological ecology, plant biology, population genetics, virology, or zoology.

Admission to the Program

Application to the Department of Biological Sciences and the University is required. The completed departmental application, together with transcripts of all previous college work, general Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores (no minimum score requirement), and three letters of recommendation, must be received by the department prior to the following deadlines:

·     May 1 for admission to Fall Quarter

·     February 1 for admission to Spring Quarter

Applications will be reviewed by the Department and assessed based on the completed application form and supporting materials.

Applicants are expected to possess a baccalaureate in a biological science, such as biochemistry, biology, medical technology, or microbiology, equivalent to the Bachelor of Science degree offered at Cal State L. A. Applicants may be admitted to the degree program in classified or conditionally classified standing.  Classified standing is granted to those accepted applicants who have a minimum 2.75 grade point average in their last 90 quarter units attempted.  Conditionally classified standing is granted to those accepted applicants whose grade point average in their last 90 quarter units attempted is between 2.5 and 2.74.  Conditionally classified students must achieve a B  (3.0) grade point average in four qualifying courses (to be approved in advance by the graduate adviser) that should be completed by the end of their second quarter of graduate study and must be among the first six courses completed.

Applicants who wish to enter the program from outside the biological science area must complete the following courses (or equivalents) to be eligible for graduate status in the Biological Sciences Department:

Requirements for the Degree  (45 units)

A minimum of 45 units is required, with at least 23 in 500-level courses. A thesis is required.  All students must take BIOL 510  (Seminar:  Biology) twice during their first year in classified graduate standing. Students also must fulfill all University requirements including the Graduation Writing Assessment Requirement (GWAR). All students must present their thesis research in a department seminar.

The M.S. degree requires a minimum of 22 units of 400 or 500-level elective courses in biology or related fields.  These courses are selected in consultation with an adviser and should provide the student with the necessary background for thesis research.

The M.S. degree also requires a minimum of two graduate seminar courses (3 units each) in addition to BIOL 510 (1,1) and one of the following options:

Before enrolling in BIOL 597 and 599, students prepare a research prospectus and have it approved by their examining committee and the departmental graduate studies committee.  Students may enroll in BIOL 598 while they are preparing the prospectus. This prospectus must be approved within three quarters of the date they receive classified graduate standing in order for them to remain eligible for assistantships.

Before being awarded the M.S. degree, students must pass a final oral examination administered by the thesis committee and the Department of Biological Sciences and must present their thesis research at a department seminar.

Master of Science Degree in Environmental Science

The Master of Science Degree in Environmental Science prepares students for environmental science research, doctoral study, community college teaching, and technical positions in universities, industry, or governmental agencies. The degree offers three options: Environmental Biology, Environmental Engineering Science, and Environmental Hydrology. The Environmental Biology Option emphasizes basic research into such areas as conservation, pollution, and global change. Environmental Engineering Science Option treats similar issues (i.e., air, soil, and water pollution and sustainability) from the perspective of engineering solutions. The Environmental Hydrology Option emphasizes fundamental problems of the hydrologic cycle, including water pollution issues, wetlands and watershed hydrology, and hydrologic modeling.

The Professional Experience is designed for students who want to conclude graduate studies with a master's degree and immediately seek employment in government agencies or industry.

The Research Experience is designed for students who want to continue on to a doctoral program for further preparation for work in academia, agencies or industry.

Admission to the Program

Applicants must possess a BA or BS degree from an accredited institution in biology, chemistry, civil engineering, environmental engineering, environmental science, geography, geology, or a related field. Applicants with a minimum GPA of 2.75 in the last 90 quarter (60 semester) units who are admitted by the Environmental Science Program are admitted to the degree program in Conditionally Classified standing. Promising applicants with GPAs in the last 90 quarter (60 semester) units between 2.5 and 2.74 may be admitted as Special Action students. Special Action students must achieve an overall grade point average of a B (3.0) for four qualifying courses (approved in advance by the student's graduate advisor). The qualifying courses should be completed by the end of the second quarter of graduate study. Students accepted with a BA degree may, at the discretion of the Program Director and Primary Advisor, be required to take additional background courses in their first two quarters.

Application Procedures

Separate applications to the University and the Environmental Science program are required. For University application procedures and deadlines, students should follow published guidelines available in the University catalog and on the University website. Applications to the Environmental Science program (available in the Biological Sciences Department office) together with transcripts of all previous college work and three letters of recommendation must be received by the Department of Biological Sciences prior to the following deadlines:

     August 1 for admission to Fall Quarter

     February 1 for admission to Spring Quarter

Applications will be reviewed by University Admissions and the Environmental Science Program.

Admission to the University does not guarantee admission to the program.

Requirements for the Degree (46 units)

A minimum of 46 units are required for the degree with at least 50% from 500-level courses. A grade pint average of 3.0 (grade of B) or better is required in all courses taken to satisfy the requirements for the degree. For Professional Experience students, at least one course must be selected from all four of the foundation areas listed below; for Research Experience students, at least one course must be selected from three of the four foundation areas. Courses used to satisfy the foundation requirement cannot be used to satisfy the option requirement (see below). A student may substitute equivalent courses as foundation courses upon approval from the Primary Advisor, the student's graduate committee, and the Program Director.

1. Written and Oral Communication:

2. Spatial Information and Computer Actuated Databases:

3. Statistical Analyses and Experimental Design:

4. Public Policy and Environmental Management:

Option 1: Environmental Biology (16 units)

Provides preparation for a career within academics or agencies in specific research areas such as conservation, pollution, and global change. Professional Experience and Research Experience students must take a minimum of 16 units. Select courses from the list below:

Option 2: Environmental Engineering Science (16 units)

Provides preparation for a career in engineering research or applications. Professional Experience and Research Experience students must take a minimum of 16 units, 8 of which must be in Civil Engineering. Select courses from the list below:

Option 3: Environmental Hydrology (16 units)

Provides preparation for a career in hydrology and water quality. Professional Experience and Research Experience students must take a minimum of 16 units. Select courses from the list below:

Culminating Experiences: Thesis, Reports, Presentations, Exams (14 or 18 units)

Professional Experience students must complete the two courses listed below (10 units). For ENVS 595, the student must complete a part- or full-time internship experience of at least one and a maximum of three quarters. Professional Experience students also are expected to present a seminar, either in ENVS 511 or a departmental seminar of a participating department following completion of their internship.

Research Experience students must complete the three courses listed below (10 units). As part of their culminating experience, students are expected to present a seminar, either in ENVS 511 or a departmental seminar of a participating department, upon the conclusion of their research.

Both Research and Professional Experience students have to complete the following course:

Research Experience students will enroll in eight (8) units of ENVS 599 during which time they must prepare a Masters Thesis for submission to their Advisory Committee for approval. They must also pass an oral exam given by their Advisory Committee based upon their Master's thesis research. Research Experience students will complete eighteen (18) units as part of their culminating experience.

Professional Experience students will enroll in four (4) units of ENVS 599:Thesis or Project. Based on their internship experience, Professional students will be required to submit a written report. This report will be approved by their Advisory Committee, which consists of their primary advisor, graduate committee members, and internship advisor(s). They must also pass an oral exam given by their Advisory Committee. The content of the exam will be based on the student's course of study and topics relevant to the internship experience. Professional Experience students will complete fourteen (14) units as part of their culminating experience.

Certificate Program in Biotechnology

This postbaccalaureate credit certificate program provides intensive theoretical and laboratory training in the techniques and application of genetic engineering and related technologies.  The program is designed to prepare students for employment in industrial or academic research positions or for advanced study in molecular biology.  Courses taken to fulfill certificate requirements may also be applied toward the master’s degree in biology.

The certificate program requires completion of a minimum of 26 units, taken in postbaccalaureate or graduate standing, of which 19 are in required courses and seven or more are in electives.  Refer to the Graduate Study chapter of this catalog for general information governing all certificate programs.

Prerequisites for Admission to the Program:

Admission, in classified graduate standing, to the Department of Biological Sciences or the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Completion with a B  (3.0) grade point average or higher, of the following courses or equivalents:

As space is available, students who have not completed these prerequisites may be admitted to a core course (see below) with the consent of the instructor, but award of the certificate is contingent upon completion of all prerequisites for the program.  Students who have had neither a laboratory course in nor employment experience with sterile microbiological techniques must complete MICR 202 (Microbiology Laboratory for Health-Related Sciences–2 units) during their first quarter in the certificate program.

Requirements for the Certificate (minimum 26 units)

Select from following;  include no more than 6 units in seminars.

PostBaccalaureate Certificate Program for Pre-Health Professionals

This postbaccalaureate certificate program provides an opportunity for pre-health career students to strengthen their academic background prior to application for admission to a health professional school. The program is designed to make postbaccalaureate students more competitive for admission through a combination of coursework, standardized test preparation, and health science activities. A student may not apply to the CSULA Master of Science Degree Program in Biology prior to the completion of the certificate program.

Students may begin the certificate program only during the Fall Quarter of an academic year. Completed applications must be received by the Department no later than August 15.

The certificate program requires completion of a minimum of 24 units taken in postbaccalaureate standing. A maximum of 6 units of previously completed postbaccalaureate coursework from another institution may be used toward completion of the certificate program. Refer to the Graduate Study chapter of the University catalog for general information governing all certificate programs.

Requirements for Admission to the Program

     An undergraduate degree in a biological science from an accredited college or university, or an undergraduate degree from an accredited college or university and completion of pre-health professional

     Required science courses with lab (two years of biology, two years of chemistry, one year of math, one year of physics).

     Minimum grade point average (GPA) of 3.00 in all Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Math courses.

     Establishment of a student file in the Cal State LA Health Science Advisement Office.

     Completion of BIOL 340 (General Genetics) and BIOL 380 (Cell Biology), or their equivalent.

Requirements for the Certificate

     A minimum GPA of 3.00 is required in all course work.

     Completion of a minimum of 24 units from the following list of courses.

Completion of one or more of the following courses is strongly recommended to enhance a professional school application.

     Participation in the Cal State LA MCAT Review Course.

Courses in Biology (BIOL)

Lower Division Courses

BIOL 053A Health Professions Enrichment (2)

Prerequisite: Enrollment by Permit Only. Corequisites: Students must be concurrently enrolled in BIOL 053B, 053C, 053D and 053E for a total of 10 units. Emphasizes key principles in biology important for entry to the health professions. Lecture 2 hours. No credit toward baccalaureate. (Graded CR/NC)

BIOL 053B Health Professions Enrichment (2)

Prerequisite: Enrollment by Permit Only. Corequisites: Students must be concurrently enrolled in BIOL 053A, 053C, 053D and 053E for a total of 10 units. Emphasizes key principles in organic chemistry important for entry to the health professions. Lecture 2 hours. No credit toward baccalaureate. (Graded CR/NC.)

BIOL 053C Health Professions Enrichment (2)

Prerequisite: Enrollment by Permit Only. Corequisites: Students must be concurrently enrolled in BIOL 053A, 053B, 053D and 053E for a total of 10 units. Emphasizes key principles in physics important for entry to the health professions. Lecture 2 hours. No credit toward baccalaureate. (Graded CR/NC)

BIOL 053D Health Professions Enrichment (2)

Prerequisite: Enrollment by Permit Only. Corequisites: Students must be concurrently enrolled in BIOL 053A, 053B, 053C and 053E for a total of 10 units. Emphasizes key principles in general chemistry important for entry to the health professions. Lecture 2 Hours. No credit toward baccalaureate.
(Graded CR/NC)

BIOL 053E Health Professions Enrichment (2)

Prerequisite: Enrollment by Permit Only. Corequisites: Students must be concurrently enrolled in BIOL 053A, 053B, 053C and 053D for a total of 10 units. Emphasizes key principles in written communication important for entry to the health professions. Lecture 2 hours. No credit toward baccalaureate. (Graded CR/NC)

BIOL 100A Introductory Biology I (5)

Introduction to the ecology, evolution, and diversity of life, covering all major groups of organisms from a phylogenetic perspective. Lecture 3 hours, Laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 100B Introductory Biology ll (5)

Prerequisites: Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100A. The structure/function of cells including biological molecules, membrane structure and function, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, viruses, cell respiration and photosynthesis. Overview of genetics including mendelian, molecular, microbial and population. Lecture 3 hours, Laboratory 3 hours, and Recitation 1hour.

BIOL 100C Introductory Biology III (5)

Prerequisites: Grades of C or higher in BIOL I00A and I00B. Structure/function of plant and animal systems including growth, transport, nutrition, environmental responses, reproduction and development in plants, and the nervous/endocrine system, nutrition, circulation, excretion, reproduction/development in animals. Lecture 3 hours, Laboratory 6 hours. 

BIOL 140 Science Orientation  (2)  (also listed as CHEM 140)

Prerequisite:  Instructor consent.  Exploration of skills essential for success in the sciences;  presentations by professional scientists.  No credit toward science majors.  Graded CR/NC.

     GE B3

BIOL 154 Selected Topics in Biology  (1–4)

Topics of current interest in biology as announced in Schedule of Classes.  No credit toward Biology major or minor.

BIOL 155 Animal Biology (4)

Introductory organismal animal biology for non-majors with an emphasis on scientific methodology and basic biological principles; topics include cells, tissues, organ system structure and function, genetics evolution, diversity, behavior, ecology.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.  No credit toward biology major or minor.     GE B1

BIOL 156 Plant Biology  (4)

Structure and function of plants with emphasis on their adaptations to the environment and their importance to humans.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.  No credit toward biology major or minor.     GE B1

BIOL 157 Learning Science through Inquiry  (4)  (also listed as PHYS 157)

Hands-on exploration by the scientific method of biology and physics topics, e.g. plant growth and sound.  The emphasis is on individual and group learning through inquiry based investigation and student directed research.  Activity 6 hours.  No credit toward Biology/Physics major or minor.

BIOL 158 Brain and Behavior (4)

Introduction to neuroscience and multi-level frames of reference that put the brain in context. Cells and molecules, nervous system organization, interactions with other body systems, higher brain functions. Lecture 4 hours. No credit toward Biology major or minor.           GE B3

BIOL 165 Humans and the Biological Environment  (4)

Global effects of human overpopulation and human activities on the biological environment.  Emphasis on how wildlife and human health are affected by contemporary forms of ecosystem alteration and pollution.  Lecture 4 hours, designed for students not majoring in science. No credit toward Biology major or minor.     GE B3

BIOL 180 Life Science for Elementary Teachers (4)

Corequisite: BIOL 181. Primarily for students preparing for a multiple subject teaching credential, content/concepts of life science presented in the course correlate with the California science standards for the multiple subject credential. Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 181 Life Science Seminar for Elementary Teachers  (2)

Corequisite: BIOL 180. Primarily for students preparing for a multiple subject teaching credential, correlates with content/concepts from BIOL 180 and the California standards for professional teacher preparation programs. Requires field observation.

BIOL 200A Human Anatomy and Physiology I  (5)

Prerequisite or corequisite:  CHEM 151.  Structure and function of the cell and tissue;  anatomy and physiology of the skeletal, muscular, digestive, and urinary systems.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 6 hours.  No credit toward Biology major or minor.

BIOL 200B Human Anatomy and Physiology II  (5)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 200A.  Anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 6 hours.  No credit toward Biology major or minor.

Upper Division Courses

BIOL 300 Biometrics  (4)

Prerequisites:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C;  MATH 103.  Statistical analysis applied to biological problems, with emphasis on sampling, experimental design, chi-square analysis, t-test, analysis of variance, regression analysis, and correlation analysis.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 320 Writing for Biologists  (4)

Prerequisites:  BIOL 300, satisfactory completion of the Graduation Writing Assessment Requirement (GWAR).  Introduction to writing skills and techniques necessary for presentation of biological information;  intensive practice in writing abstracts, reports, reviews, and other forms of scientific papers. Lecture 2 hours, activity 6 hours.

BIOL 340 General Genetics  (4)

Prerequisite: BIOL 300.  Principles of classical and molecular genetics as demonstrated in plants, animals, and microorganisms;  emphasis on mechanisms of inheritance, structure of genetic material, breeding experiments with suitable organisms, analysis and interpretation of data.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 341N Evolution of Earth and Life through Time (4)  (also listed as GEOL 341)

Prerequisite:  Completion of Basic Subjects (Block A) and one course from Block B.  Evolution of prehistoric life and geological features of the earth.  Catastrophic extinctions of dinosaurs and other life forms.  The drifting, rifting, colliding continents.  Ice ages, volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building  (No credit for Biology major or minor).     GE Theme G

BIOL 355N Scientific Perspectives on Global Change (4)  (also listed as CHEM 355N and GEOL 355)

Prerequisite: Completion of Basic Subjects (Block A) and one course in Block B.  Natural and human-induced origins of global change; alteration of earth’s natural cycles; impacts of climate change and loss of physical and biological resources; achieving a sustainable future.  Lecture 4 hours. No credit toward Biology major or minor.     GE Theme G          

BIOL 360 General Ecology  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 300.  .  Relationships of pants and animals to their environment and to each other; ecophysiology, population growth, species interactions, ecological communities, and ecosystems. Lecture 3 hours, laboratory and field work 3 hours.

BIOL 380 Cell Biology  (4)

Prerequisites:  BIOL 100C, CHEM 301A.  Structure and function of the cell surface, membranes, organelles, and of the cytosol;  control of information flow and of metabolism.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 384N Biology of Human Aging  (4)

Prerequisites: Completion of Basic Subjects (Block A) and one course from Block B.  Age-related changes in human physiology and anatomy at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels; relationship of late-onset disease to the aging process.  No credit toward Biology Major or Minor.

     GE Theme F

BIOL 388N Sex and Gender (4)  (also listed as PSY 388)

Prerequisite: Completion of Basic Subjects (Block A) and one course from Block B.  Biological and psychological differences between the sexes; topics include genetics of sexual determination, sexual development and anomalies, hormones in physiology and behavior, measurement of gender, psychological differences in behavior.  No credit toward Biology or minor.     GE Theme C

BIOL 396 Honors Thesis  (1–5)

Prerequisites:  Upper division standing, 40 units in the major, ENGL 102*, admission to Biology Honors Program.  Independent research in biology;  regular consultations with research adviser;  written thesis required.  Student must complete 5 units before submitting thesis and receiving grade. Graded CR/NC.

BIOL 398 Cooperative Education (1-4) (See UNIV 398)

*Students subject to earlier catalogs satisfy this prerequisite with ENGL 101 or 190.

400-level Courses

All 400-level courses may be applied toward master’s degree requirements except the following, subject to limits established by the department and approval of the graduate adviser: BIOL 499 and all courses with the suffix N.

BIOL 402 Electron Microscopy  (4)

Prerequisite:  CHEM 301A, senior standing in a biological or physical science major, instructor consent.  Theory of electron microscopy; practical experience in the preparation of biological and physical materials for examination and operation of transmission and scanning electron microscope.  Lecture 1 hour, laboratory 9 hours.

BIOL 408 Experimental Design and Advanced Biometry  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 300.  Experimental design in statistical procedures, advanced topics in analysis of variance, linear and nonlinear regression analysis, covariance;  introduction to multivariate techniques used in biological research.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 412 Human Genetics (4)

Prerequisite: BIOL 340. Overview of the latest developments in human genetics from the discovery of human disease genes to interpretation of the latest Human Genome Project data. Discussion of major human genetic disorders.

BIOL 413 Molecular Diagnostics (4)

Prerequisites: BIOL 380 or MICR 401 or CHEM 431A and CHEM 431C (may be taken concurrently).  Biological and technical aspects of molecular approaches to diagnosis of disease.  Recommended for individuals considering careers in either clinical or research applications of biotechnology.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 414 Cytogenetics  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 340 .  Physical basis of heredity in plants, animals, and humans;  structure, function, number, and behavior of chromosomes in normal and abnormal conditions.

BIOL 415 Population Genetics  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 340.  Forces that shape the genetic structure of populations;  random genetic drift;  mutation;  natural selection;  inbreeding;  assortative mating;  molecular evolution;  quantitative genetics;  ecological genetics.  Lecture 3 ours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 416 Molecular Genetics  (4)

Prerequisites:  BIOL 340, CHEM 301A.  The structure and function of genes and genomes. Topics include the assembly and analysis of genomes, the regulation of genome expression, replication and repair.

BIOL 417 Gene Manipulation  (4)

Prerequisites:  BIOL 340 or MICR 340;  BIOL 380 or CHEM 431AB and 432A.  Genetic engineering and its application in molecular biology and biotechnology.

BIOL 418 Evolution  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 340.  Genetic and ecological bases of evolutionary changes in animals and plants;  microevolution, speciation, and macroevolution.

BIOL 420 Global Change  (4)

Prerequisites: BIOL 300, 320, 360; CHEM 103. Considers major transformations in the Earth's interlinked physical and biological environments, the causes of these changes (both anthropogenic and natural), and their likely consequence for the Earth's biological systems.   Lecture 4 hrs, Laboratory 0 hrs.

BIOL 422 Vertebrate Structure and Function  (5)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 100C  with grade of C or higher.  Evolution of vertebrate structure and functional morphology;  evolutionary adaptations of vertebrates presented in a phylogenetic text.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 424 General Embryology  (4)

Prerequisites:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C;  CHEM 301C.  Molecular biology of genetic programming, cellular events of early embryogenesis, mechanisms of differentiation, and elements of organogenesis.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 425 Plant Anatomy  (4)

Prerequisite:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C.  Microscopic structure of vascular plants with emphasis on organization and functioning of meristems;  structure, function, and differentiation of cells and tissues;  development and comparative anatomy of stem, leaf, and root.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 429 Animal Histology  (5)

Prerequisite:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C.  Basic structural, chemical, and physiological aspects of tissues, recent advances in histological technology;  traditional microscopic study of tissues and organs, primarily mammalian.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 430 Plant Physiology I  (5)

Prerequisites:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C;  CHEM 103.  Growth and development, growth regulation, plant-water relations, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis and respiration.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 431 Plant Physiology II  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 430.  Ecological physiology of plants:  physiological adaptations to stress, seasonal environmental changes, aquatic and various terrestrial habitats.  Lecture 4 hours.

BIOL 432 Fundamentals of Toxicology  (4)

Prerequisites: BIOL 380, CHEM 301C, 302B. A Survey of important drugs and environmental toxicants; absorption, distribution metabolism, and excretion of drugs and toxic compounds; mechanisms of toxic action; human and ecological risk assessment.  Lecture 3 hrs, Laboratory 3 hrs.

BIOL 433 Animal Physiology I  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 380.  Physiological phenomena at the organismic level.  Muscular, nervous, endocrine, and reproductive systems;  laboratory techniques and principles.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 434 Animal Physiology II  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 380.  Physiological phenomena at organismic level; digestive, respiratory, excretory, and circulatory systems.  Laboratory techniques and principles.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 435 Neurobiology:  Neuroanatomy  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 380.  Gross and Microscopic structure of the mammalian nervous system, organizational aspects, classical lesions and deficits.

BIOL 436 Neurobiology:  Neurophysiology  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 380.  Basic cellular physiology of the vertebrate nervous system. 

BIOL 437 Advanced Cell Physiology  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 380.  A topical course on cellular phenomena such as information flow, bioenergetics, control mechanisms, motility phenomena, and molecular behavior of reactive surfaces.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 439 Endocrinology (4 units)

Prerequisite: BIOL 380. Anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of the endocrine system. Includes in depth consideration of the mechanisms regulating hormone production, synthesis, and action.

BIOL 440 Taxonomy of Angiosperms  (4)

Prerequisite:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C.  Identification, classification, and nomenclature of angiosperms;  speciation and population structure.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory or field work 6 hours;  weekend field trips may be required.

BIOL 444 Drug Discovery and Development (4) (also listed as CHEM 444)

Prerequisite: CHEM 301C and either BIOL 380 or CHEM 435 or CHEM 431A. An overview of the process of drug discovery and development, with an emphasis on academic and industrial research methodology.

BIOL 445 Bioscience Companies: From Concept to Market (4)

Prerequisites: Senior level standing or higher in any major and consent of instructor. Describes moving an idea through basic and applied research into pharmaceutical, biologics, and medical device industries. Emphasizes interdependence of the sciences, engineering, business and management, intellectual property, and regulatory affairs.

BIOL 448 Molecular Biology of the Brain (4)

Prerequisite: BIOL 380. A study of the molecules of the nervous system and their roles in neural function. Lecture 4 hrs.

BIOL 449 Neurobiology of Development (4)

Prerequisite: BIOL 380. To understand current concepts of and experimental approaches to the development of the nervous system; as well as the maintenance and remodeling of neuronal connections. Lecture 4 hrs.

BIOL 451 Ornithology  (4)

Prerequisite:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C.  Taxonomy, distribution, physiology, life history, ecology, and behavior of birds.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory and field work 6 hours.

BIOL 454L,P Special Topics in Biology  (1–4)

Prerequisites:  Upper division standing, others as needed for specific topic.  Topics of current interest in biology as announced in Schedule of Classes.  May be repeated to maximum of 16 units.

BIOL 455 Mammalogy  (4)

Prerequisite:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C. Taxonomy, distribution, ecology, and physiology of mammals.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory and field work 6 hours.

BIOL 457 Marine Invertebrate Zoology  (5)

Prerequisite:  Grade of C or higher in BIOL 100C.  Taxonomy, phylogeny, and natural history of major marine invertebrates taxa; laboratory work emphasizes species from local fauna and those of economic importance.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 462 Plant Ecology  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 360.  Plants and plant communities in relation to physical and biotic environments, ecophysiology, demography, species interactions, community structure, and ecosystem function. Lecture 3 hours, laboratory and/or field work 3 hours. 

BIOL 465 Issues in Environmental Biology (4)

Prerequisites: BIOL 100C, CHEM 103. A review of crucial issues in environmental biology.

BIOL 470 Conservation Biology (4)   

Prerequisite:  BIOL 360.  Biological diversity of animals and plants; genetics and ecology of small populations; protection and management of threatened species and communities.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory or field work 3 hours.

BIOL 472 Marine Ecology  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 360.  Population and community ecology of major habitats in marine environment; lecture emphasizes contemporary theories in marine ecology;  laboratory offers practical field experience.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory or field work 3 hours. 

BIOL 473 Molecular Ecology (4 units)

Prerequisite: BIOL 360. Applications of molecular tools to the study of ecology and evolution. Includes consideration of techniques, analytical methods, and case studies in conservation genetics, population genetics, and environmental science.

BIOL 476 Physiological Animal Ecology  (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 380.  Physiological responses of animals in various environments;  emphasis on energetics and thermal relationships of animals.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

BIOL 499 Undergraduate Directed Study  (1–4)

Prerequisites:  Consent of full-time faculty member in consultation with department chair, grade point average of 2.5 or higher.  Project must be approved before registration.  Student must have ability to assume responsibility for independent research and analysis.  Regular discussion of progress with sponsor before presentation of final written report.  Graded CR/NC.

Courses in Microbiology  (MICR)

Lower Division Courses

MICR 151 Biology of Microorganisms  (4)

Inquiry-based course in microbiology designed for non-majors; content addresses the impact of microorganisms on the human experience and the biosphere; laboratory application of selected procedures.  No credit if taken after any other college microbiology course.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

     GE B1

MICR 201 Microbiology for Health Related Sciences  (4)

Prerequisites:  BIOL 100B or 200A and 200B with a grade of C or higher; CHEM 102 or 151 with a grade of C or higher.  Basic function and structure of microorganisms; host-parasite relationships, infectious diseases, immunology and serology, epidemiology, antimicrobial agents, and chemotherapy.  Lecture 4 hours.

MICR 202 Microbiology Laboratory for Health Related Sciences  (2)

Corequisite:  MICR 201.  Laboratory methods used in studying microorganisms;  aseptic techniques, environmental influences on microorganisms, microbial interrelationships;  water microbiology and sanitation;  immunology and infectious disease diagnosis.  Laboratory 6 hours.

Upper Division Courses

MICR 300 General Microbiology (5)

Prerequisites: BIOL 100B; CHEM 102. Structure, growth, nutrition, metabolism, genetics and diversity of microbes; introduction to environmental, industrial, and medical aspects of microbiology and biotechnology. Lecture 3 hours: laboratory 6 hours.

MICR 301 General Medical Microbiology  (4)

Prerequisite:  MICR 300 with grade of C or higher.  Host-parasite-drug interactions; isolation, culture, and identification of human normal flora.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

MICR 302 Pathogenic Bacteriology  (5)

Prerequisite:  MICR 301 with grade of C or higher.  Bacteriology and pathology of infectious bacterial diseases of humans;  diagnostic procedures for identification of major pathogens.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

MICR 304 Immunology and Serology  (5)

Prerequisites:  MICR 302, CHEM 301A, 302A, each with a grade of C or higher.  Immune response, cellular and humoral, induction of immunity, detection of antibodies, principal serologic methods evaluation of immune response;  three sections:  fundamental immunology, serology, and clinical immunology.  Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

MICR 331 Structure and Function of Bacteria  (3)

Prerequisites:  MICR 300; CHEM 301A; prerequisite or corequisite:  302A.  Function of bacteria, emphasis on structure and growth.

MICR 340 Microbial Genetics  (3)

Prerequisite:  Grade of C or higher in MICR 300.  Principles of microbial genetics with emphasis on genetic exchange, genetic manipulation, and applications with environmentally, industrially, and medically significant organisms.

MICR 396 Honors Thesis in Microbiology (1-5)

Prerequisites: Upper division standing, 40 units in the major, of this 24 units in residence, ENGL 102*, GPA minimum 3.0 both overall and in the major, admission to Microbiology Honor's Program. Independent research in microbiology; regular consultations with research adviser; written thesis and oral defense required.  Student must complete 5 units before submitting thesis and receiving grade. Graded CR/NC.

*Students subject to earlier catalogs satisfy this prerequisite with ENGL 101 or 190.

MICR 398 Cooperative Education (1-4) (see UNIV 398)

MICR 401 General Virology  (3)

Prerequisite:  MICR 340 or BIOL 340 plus 380.  Basic principles of virology;  emphasizes properties, classification, multiplication, genetics, and viral-host interactions of bacterial, animal, and plant viruses.

MICR 410 Hematology  (4)

Prerequisites: MICR 301; CHEM 431A. CHEM 432A may be taken concurrently.  Normal hematopoiesis and hemostasis and how defects in the normal processes affect the blood, anemias, leukemias, coagulation, and other hematologic or nonhematologic disorders. Lecture 3 hours, laboratory 3 hours.

MICR 412 Introduction to Epidemiology  (4)  (also listed as HS 412)

Prerequisites:  MICR 300 or 201and 202.  Study of disease and injury in human population, including general review of epidemiologic methods. Focus on complex relationship between workers and work environment.

MICR 420 Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (4)

Prerequisites: BIOL 100C or MICR 201 and 202 or MICR 300 or instructor consent. Microbiology and pathogenesis of infectious diseases in today's news, forces driving their appearance, and tools for their recognition, identification and control. Emphasis on primary literature and group discussions.

MICR 430 Bacterial Physiology  (3)

Prerequisites:  MICR 331; CHEM 431A, 432A;  corequisites:  CHEM 431B, 432B.  Bacterial physiology with emphasis on biochemical events related to cellular differentiation and basic bacterial biochemical pathways.

MICR 433 Bacterial Physiology Laboratory  (2)

Corequisite:  MICR 430.  Experimental work to accompany MICR 430.  Laboratory 6 hours.

MICR 450 Innate Immunity (4)

Prerequisites: One of the following; BIOL 380, MICR 201 + MICR 202, MICR 300, or instructor consent. First line immune defenses from concepts to molecules. Up-to-date experimental approaches, scientific data analysis and distribution. Lecture 2 hours, laboratory 3 hours, recitation 1 hour.

MICR 454L Special Topics in Microbiology  (1–4 each)

Prerequisites:  Upper division standing, others as needed for specific topics.  Topics of current interest in microbiology, as announced in Schedule of Classes.  May be repeated to maximum of 8 units.

MICR 454P Activities in Special Topics in Microbiology (1-3)

Prerequisites: Upper division standing, others as needed for specific topics. Corequisite: MICR 454L. Activities related to topics of current interest in microbiology, as announced in Schedule of Classes. MICR 454L and 454P may be repeated to a maximum of 8 units total.

MICR 499 Undergraduate Directed Study  (1–4)

Prerequisite:  Consent of an instructor to act as sponsor.  Project selected in conference with sponsor before registration, progress meetings held regularly, and a final report submitted.  May be repeated for credit. Graded CR/NC.

Graduate Level Courses (BIOL)

All 400-level courses may be applied toward master’s degree requirements except the following, subject to limits established by the department and approval of the graduate adviser: BIOL 499 and all courses with the suffix N.

Classified graduate standing is required for admission to all 500 level courses.

BIOL 500 Graduate Orientation (1)

Requirements and expectations of the M.S. degree program in Biology, introduction to good practices of laboratory science and research, future career paths. Must be taken during the first quarter of the degree program. Graded CR /NC.

BIOL 501 Seminar:  Development of Biological Concepts  (3)

Impact of great concepts in biological science on human thought and activities and on present day understanding.  May be repeated once for credit as subject matter changes.

BIOL 503 Seminar:  Special Topics in Microbiology  (3) 

Prerequisite:  Instructor consent.  Special topics of current interest in microbiology as announced in Schedule of Classes.  May be repeated, as subject matter changes, to maximum of 9 units. 

BIOL 510 Seminar:  Biology  (1) 

Attendance at regular departmental seminar program:  participation in seminar training program with course instructor;  presentation of a departmental seminar.  Graded CR/NC. 

BIOL 511 Seminar: Environmental Science (1) (also listed as ENVS 511)

Attendance at regular seminar program; participation in seminar training program with course instructor; presentation of a seminar. Graded CR/NC. May be repeated to a maximum of 2 units.

BIOL 515 Seminar:  Genetics  (3)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 340.  Recent developments in various fields of genetics.  May be repeated once for credit as subject matter changes. 

BIOL 516 Microbial Genetics  (3) 

Prerequisite: BIOL 340.  Concepts of microbial genetics, including dissociation, transformation, transduction, gene transfer, and biochemical mutation;  laboratory techniques, practical aspects such as antibiotic resistance.  Lecture 3 hours. 

BIOL 517 Seminar:  Gene Manipulation  (3)

Prerequisites:  BIOL 417;  instructor consent.  Critical evaluation and communication of recent literature in molecular biology.  May be repeated to maximum of 6 units.

BIOL 518 Biotechnology Skills Laboratory I (5)

Prerequisite: MICR 430 or CHEM 431 ABC or instructor consent. A project team based course that covers various stages of generic drug discovery process.

BIOL 519 Genetic Engineering Laboratory  (8)

Prerequisites:  BIOL 417;  BIOL 380; CHEM 431ABC;  instructor consent.  Introduction to basic techniques.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory 18 hours.

BIOL 520 Seminar: Advanced Immunology  (3) 

Prerequisite:  Prerequisite:  Consent of instructor.  Advanced principles and concepts of immunology, fundamental biological significance of the immune reaction.

BIOL 522 Seminar:  Morphology  (3)

Advanced studies in animal or plant morphology, with emphasis on evolutionary and environmental adaptations. May be repeated to maximum of 6 units as topic changes.

BIOL 525 Seminar:  Developmental Biology  (3)

Prerequisites:  BIOL 380, instructor consent.  Discussion of recent advances in the field of plant and/or animal embryonic and postembryonic development.  May be repeated to maximum of 6 units as topic changes.

BIOL 530 Advanced Microbial Physiology  (3) 

Prerequisite:  Consent of graduate adviser.  Biochemical aspects of microbial physiology and metabolism, with special emphasis on recent advances in field.

BIOL 534 Seminar:  Systems Physiology  (3)

Prerequisite: BIOL 380.  Advanced study in various areas of systems physiology. May be repeated to maximum of 6 units as subject matter changes. 

BIOL 535 Seminar:  Biology of Human Aging  (4)

Prerequisites: BIOL 380 for Biology graduate students; BIOL 384N for students in the Graduate Certificate Program in Applied Gerontology. Advanced study of selected topics related to the anatomical, biochemical and physiological changes that occur during the aging process. May be repeated by Biology graduate students to a maximum of 8 units.

BIOL 537 Seminar:  Endocrinology  (3)

Prerequisite: BIOL 437.  Discussion of current topics and trends in endocrine physiology.  May be repeated to maximum of 6 units as subject matter changes. 

BIOL 538 Seminar:  Environmental Physiology  (3) 

A course in animal or plant physiology.  Mechanism and specialization of animals or plants as related to their environment. May be repeated once for credit as subject matter changes.

BIOL 539 Seminar:  Cell Biology  (3)

Prerequisites: BIOL 380, CHEM 431C.  Major cell functions considered primarily from standpoint of causative and control mechanisms. May be repeated once for credit as subject matter changes.

BIOL 540 Seminar: Biological Systematics  (3)

Prerequisites:  A course in genetics, statistics, and either a botany or zoology systematics course.  Fundamental concepts and problems in definition and recognition of species and higher taxa, and the special experimental or biometric techniques used.  May be repeated to maximum of 6 units as subject matter changes.

BIOL 559 Seminar: Foundations of Ecology (3)

Reading and discussions of the historical origins of contemporary ecological concepts. Course provides experience in reading and interpreting scientific literature. Acquaints students with foundation concepts of the discipline.

BIOL 560 Workshop in Environmental Science (4)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 360. Advanced studies in ecological relationships of plants and animals; hypothesis testing in theory and practice; student-led class, field and/or laboratory research projects involving data gathering, analysis and synthesis.  May be repeated once for credit.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory/field work 6 hours.

BIOL 561 Seminar: Professional Development in Environmental Science (4)

A survey of techniques and conventions for writing scientific manuscripts, preparation of a prospectus, grantsmanship, presentation, and peer review. Seminar 2 hours, laboratory 6 hours.

BIOL 562 Advanced Topics in Plant Ecology  (3)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 462.  Analysis of selected plant communities to determine structure, pattern, and interrelationships; discussion of current theories, problems, and methods of vegetational sampling, analysis, and synthesis.  Lecture 2 hours, laboratory and/or field work 3 hours. 

563 Seminar:  Ecology  (3)

Prerequisite:  BIOL 360.  Recent advances and current research in ecology. May be repeated once for credit. 

BIOL 575 Seminar:  Animal Behavior  (3)

Prerequisite: BIOL 475.  Current topics in animal behavior, with emphasis on origin and ecological significance of behavioral patterns. May be repeated for credit to maximum of 6 units as subject matter changes.

BIOL 580 Seminar:  Microbiology  (1) 

Attendance at departmental seminar program;  participation in seminar training;  presentation of a satisfactory departmental seminar.  Must be repeated to maximum of 3 units.  Graded CR/NC.

BIOL 594 Graduate Thesis Prospectus (1)

Prerequisites: Admission to the M.S. program in Biological Sciences, consent of research advisor, establishment of thesis committee. Directed literature research and writing culminating in thesis research prospectus. Must be taken no later than the third quarter after joining a research laboratory and before enrolling in BIOL 597 and BlOL 599. May not be repeated. Graded CR/NC.

BIOL 595 Individual Research in Gene Manipulation  (4)

Prerequisites: BIOL 517, 519.  Laboratory research project conducted in approved on- or off-campus laboratory.  Graded CR/NC.

BIOL 597 Graduate Research  (1–6)

Prerequisites: BIOL 594, approval of program committee.  Conducting research toward master’s degree.  May be repeated to maximum of 6 units.  Graded CR/NC. 

BIOL 598 Graduate Directed Study (1 - 4)

Prerequisites: Consent o instructor to act as sponsor and approval of graduate program by department. Directed study of advanced topics in the biological sciences. Assigned readings, conferences, lectures, seminars, and research. Graded CR/NC. May be repeated twice for credit. Units may not be used toward a M.S. degree in Biology.

BIOL 599 Thesis  (1–9)

Prerequisites:BIOL 594, advancement to candidacy, instructor consent to act as sponsor. Independent research resulting in thesis.  May be repeated to maximum of 9 units.  Graded CR/NC.

Graduate Level Courses (ENVS)

ENVS 511 Seminar: Environmental Science (1)  (also listed as BIOL 511)

Attendance at regular seminar program; participation in seminar training program with course instructor presentation of a seminar. Graded CR/NC. May be repeated to a maximum of 2 units.

ENVS 595 Directed Field Work (1-8)

Prerequisite: Instructor consent, agency agreement to host a part- or full-time internship for at least one but not more than three quarters, and approval of Program Director. Supervised individual field experience in an applied area of environmental science. Graded CR/NC May be repeated to a mum of 8 units.

ENVS 597 Graduate Research (1-6)

Prerequisite: Instructor consent to act as sponsor and approval of project by student's graduate advisory committee. Independent research towards a master's degree under guidance of faculty. May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units. Graded CR/NC.

ENVS 598 Graduate Directed Study (2)

Prerequisites: Instructor consent to act as sponsor and program approval. Independent, directed study of advanced topics in the field; regular conferences with the sponsor; prospectus development. May be repeated twice for credit but only 2 units count towards a M.S. degree in Environmental Science. Graded CR/NC.

ENVS 599 Thesis or Project (1-8)

Prerequisites: Advancement to candidacy, instructor consent to act as sponsor, program approval of topic prior to registration. Independent research resulting in thesis or sponsored internship resulting in project. May be repeated to a maximum of 8 units. Graded CR/NC.